Nursing Study 123

 The special senses . There are five sense organs with special senses which are listed below:                             * Eye - to see * Ear - to hear * Nose - to smell * Tongue - to taste * Skin - to touch The eye      Eye are two in number.it is very precious and delicate organ.each eye is protected in the orbital cavity of the skull with a pad of fat behind.                            Accessory organs help to protect the eyes which are:  * Eyebrow- it protects from too much light and sweat of the forehead. *  Eyelids- upper and lower- each with a row of eyelashes on the edge- help to keep dust and insects away. * Conjunctiva- layer of mucous membrane which lines the eyelid. * Tear gland and ducts- tears from tear gland in the upper outer corner of the eye wash over the front of the eye- keeps it moist and clea...

   Haemorrhage or bleeding Bleeding is the expulsion of blood due to injury or rupture of blood vessels . haemorrhage may vary  in intensity from severe to slight. Severe haemorrhages can be due to a torn artery or vein.blood from an artery in the systemic circulation is bright red in colour and tends to spurt out in jets corresponding with pulsations of the heart.blood from a vein is dark red in colour and flows in a brisk continuous stream.bleeding from injured capillaries is slight and flows in a continuous stream or ooze from all parts of wound. Note: it is important to remember that infection may occur due to invasion of disease producing bacteria into the body through the broken skin.the bacteria multiply in a wound and make it septic.cleanliness is essential to prevent infection and everything which comes in contact with a wound such as hands and dressing must be thoroghly cleaned. Types of heamorrhage 1. According to the surface of the body,it could be  A) in...

 Wound and haemorrhage Wound is a break in the countinuity of tissues of the body thus allowing the escape of blood and the entrance of disease producing germs.           Classifications                                 1 incised would:    these are caused by sharp instruments such as razor,knife,blade etc. And bleed freely as the blood vessels are clean cut.                       2 lacerated wound:  These are caused by machinery, piece of shells or claws of animals having torn and irregular edges .these types of wound bleed less than incised wounds as the blood vessels are torn through.                                               3  Contused wound These are caused by direct blow ,...

Heart attack   Heart attack is a condition due to lack of blood supply to heart muscle itself leading to sudden interfernce with the normal action of the heart.                             Cause   1. Corronary artery (which supplies blood to the heart muscle) occlusion. 2. Cardiac arrest: sudden cessation of heart function. Signs and symptoms 1  pale face.  2 sudden crushing pain in the mid chest which may spread to the left arms,throat jaw or back. 3 vomitting and profuse sweating. 4  sudden dizziness or giddiness. 5 breathless  6 weakness. 7 cyansis. 8 rapid and irregular pulse. First aid treatment 1 rest. 2 place the casualty in comfortable and semi-sitting posion. 3 undo the tight clothing s. 4 check the pulse, respiration and level of consciousness. 5 begin cpr if breathing and heart beat stope  6 treat for shock if any. 7 transfer the patient to the hospital in semi- sitti...

  Shock   Shock is a condition of collapse which results from decrease in circulatory blood volume or fluide in the body leading to severe depression of vital functions.it may lead to death if not treated in time. Causes 1 loss of blood 2loss of body fluid due to vomitting ,diarrhoea. 3. Severe or extensive injuries 4  severe pain , heart attack 5 severe burns 6 electronic shock 7 exposure to extreme heat and cold. 8 bacterial invasion 9 allergic reaction s 10. Emotional stress S igns and symptoms 1 cold and clammy skin. 2 giddiness and faintness 3 nausea,vomating 4 pallor 5 slow pulse rate at the beginning but later becomes progressively more feeble and repid. 6 decreased blood pressure 7 blurred vision 8 unconscious T ype of shock 1 neurogenic shock:  spinal or head injury resulting in loss of never contact                               2  Haemorrhagic shock Loos of blood due to wo...

Defination of first aid - First aid is the immediate and temporary care given to the casualty of an accidental situation of any kind to preserve life and strength until medical assistance is obtained. Aims First aid is skilled assistance based on scientific medicine and surgery to:  . Preserve life . Promote recovery . Prevent further injury and worsening of the casualty . Transport the casuality to the hospital or home First aider A first aider is just an odinary person (need not be a doctor) who has been taught a standard method of application of first aid and who provids immediate treatment to the victim at the time of accident or sudden illness before medical help is obtined. Qualities of a first aider     When someone is hurt instead of panicking one can do a lot to help the injured; one need not require special equipment or traning to carry out the basic first aid but what one needs are.                Following are the q...

   Fracture                 Fracture is the breaking or discontinuity of a bone.               Types Fractures may be classified as :    1 simple or closed fracture:   A simple or closed fracture is one in which a bone has been broken, but there is no serious injury to other important tissues in the vicinity . Simple fractures are further classified as:   a ) transverse fracture:   In these the bone is broken almost straight across due to direct violence.                     B) spiral fracture: In this the bone is obliquely broken due to indirect violence.                         C) fissured fracture: In this the bone is cracked but not completely broken.                     2 compound or open fracture: A c...

  Definition Resuscitation is the combination of the technique used for sustaining lives of those patients whose spontaneous breathing and heart beat is stopped.this is also termed as cardiac pulmonary resuscitation CPR. Principles 1.   -  with three minutes the flow of oxygenated blood is to be restored to the brain by means of artificial respiration and chest compression to prevent irreversible brain damage. 2.      -  transportation of the casualty to the hospital as quickly as possible to receive other treatments i.e  defribrillation ,drugs etc                   ABC of resuscitation A - airway B - breathing C - circulation      Airway    Open the airway:  1. Clear the secration,dentures, debris and other foreign bodies out of his mouth and throat . 2 . Place the casualty on his back. 3 .use head tilt and chin lift method  place two fingers under the casualty's...

Cavities of the body,and their content. The body is not a solid structure, something bony parts form spaces called cavities in which important internal orgens are protected .the two major body cavities are called the venteral and dorsal body cavities.                             _The venteral body cavities includes,:                                             1 . thoracic cavity                                              2. Abdominal cavity                                              3.pelvic cavity                       ...